The Knudsen number (Kn) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale. This length scale could be, for example, the radius of a body in a fluid. The number is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949).
The Knudsen number helps determine whether statistical mechanics or the continuum mechanics formulation of fluid dynamics should be used to model a situation. If the Knudsen number is near or greater than one, the mean free path of a molecule is comparable to a length scale of the problem, and the continuum assumption of fluid mechanics is no longer a good approximation. In such cases, statistical methods should be used.
The Knudsen number is a dimensionless number defined as
where
The representative length scale considered, , may correspond to various physical traits of a system, but most commonly relates to a gap length over which thermal transport or mass transport occurs through a gas phase. This is the case in porous and granular materials, where the thermal transport through a gas phase depends highly on its pressure and the consequent mean free path of molecules in this phase. For a Boltzmann gas, the mean free path may be readily calculated, so that
where
For particle dynamics in the atmosphere, and assuming standard temperature and pressure, i.e. 25 °C and 1 atm, we have ≈ 8×10−8 m (80 nm).
The Knudsen number can be related to the Mach number and the Reynolds number.
Using the dynamic viscosity
with the average molecule speed (from Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution)
the mean free path is determined as follows:
Dividing through by L (some characteristic length), the Knudsen number is obtained:
where
The dimensionless Mach number can be written as
where the speed of sound is given by
where
The dimensionless Reynolds number can be written as
Dividing the Mach number by the Reynolds number:
and by multiplying by yields the Knudsen number:
The Mach, Reynolds and Knudsen numbers are therefore related by
Problems with high Knudsen numbers include the calculation of the motion of a dust particle through the lower atmosphere and the motion of a satellite through the exosphere. One of the most widely used applications for the Knudsen number is in microfluidics and MEMS device design. Movements of fluids in situations with a high Knudsen number are said to exhibit Knudsen flow.
Airflow around an aircraft has a low Knudsen number, making it firmly in the realm of continuum mechanics. Using the Knudsen number an adjustment for Stokes' law can be used in the Cunningham correction factor, this is a drag force correction due to slip in small particles (i.e. dp < 5 µm). The flow of water through a nozzle will usually be a situation with a low Knudsen number.
Mixtures of gases with different molecular masses can be partly separated by sending the mixture through small holes of a thin wall because the numbers of molecules that pass through a hole is proportional to the pressure of the gas and inversely proportional to its molecular mass. The technique has been used to separate isotopic mixtures, such as uranium, using porous membranes, It has also been successfully demonstrated for use in hydrogen production from water.
One source says that Kn > 10 is a suitable criterion for distinguishing molecular flow from continuum flow.